#copyright, Twitter, 10/12/2019 11:28:32 AM, 212750


FAQ | Problem?

#copyright_2019-10-12_02-41-32.xlsx
#copyright_2019-10-12_02-41-32.xlsx
From:
NodeXLExcelAutomator
Uploaded on:
October 12, 2019
Short Description:
#copyright via NodeXL http://bit.ly/2MMFW2L
@melanieconroy1
@laukaya
@drrimmer
@ipblawg
@realdonaldtrump
@iprslaw
@jdrodrigues
@mikedk
@couponamuse
@wipo

Top hashtags:
#copyright
#trademark
#patent
#intellectualproperty
#tdm
#ip
#music
#article17
#marketing
#ipr

Description:
Description
The graph represents a network of 4,956 Twitter users whose tweets in the requested range contained "#copyright", or who were replied to or mentioned in those tweets. The network was obtained from the NodeXL Graph Server on Saturday, 12 October 2019 at 09:43 UTC.

The requested start date was Wednesday, 09 October 2019 at 00:01 UTC and the maximum number of tweets (going backward in time) was 5,000.

The tweets in the network were tweeted over the 5-day, 14-hour, 33-minute period from Thursday, 03 October 2019 at 09:23 UTC to Tuesday, 08 October 2019 at 23:56 UTC.

Additional tweets that were mentioned in this data set were also collected from prior time periods. These tweets may expand the complete time period of the data.

There is an edge for each "replies-to" relationship in a tweet, an edge for each "mentions" relationship in a tweet, and a self-loop edge for each tweet that is not a "replies-to" or "mentions".

The graph is directed.

The graph's vertices were grouped by cluster using the Clauset-Newman-Moore cluster algorithm.

The graph was laid out using the Harel-Koren Fast Multiscale layout algorithm.


Author Description


Overall Graph Metrics

Top Influencers: Top 10 Vertices, Ranked by Betweenness Centrality
Top URLs
Top URLs in Tweet in Entire Graph:
[10] https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2019/10/partial-screenshot-qualifies-as-fair-use-on-a-motion-to-dismiss-yang-v-mic.htm
[9] http://Esteldn.com
[9] https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/715017/
[9] https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179502966606352386
[8] https://www.article13.org/they-support-us
[8] https://714ddjh90-bpgr7dq8w4wtft5q.hop.clickbank.net/
[7] https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1179502966606352386
[7] https://cmsimpact.org/code/fair-use-software-preservation/
[7] https://www.conftool.org/aoir2019/index.php?page=browseSessions&form_session=318&presentations=show
[7] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/donald-trump-video-taken-off-twitter-copyright-nickelback?CMP=share_btn_tw

Top URLs in Tweet in G1:
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1180233282841186305

Top URLs in Tweet in G2:
[9] http://Esteldn.com
[5] https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179502966606352386
[4] http://pplplaza.com/global-music-rights-points-its-guns-at-another-radio-giant-entravision/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter
[4] https://sicasoftweb.wixsite.com/sicasoft
[4] http://womenspowerbook.org/articles/How-Did-The-BJP-Modi-Manage-to-Get-a-Landslide-Victory-in-The-2014-Elections-in-India-book-empowerment-encyclopedia-womens-bible-unique-on-knowledge-powerful-empowering-power.htm
[3] https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/a-graphic-designers-guide-to-copyright/
[3] https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1179502966606352386
[3] http://www.profiletree.com/how-to-copyright/
[2] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/donald-trump-video-taken-off-twitter-copyright-nickelback?CMP=share_btn_tw
[2] https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/03/politics/twitter-donald-trump-nickelback-tweet-copyright-complaint-trnd/index.html

Top URLs in Tweet in G3:
[9] https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/715017/
[8] https://www.article13.org/they-support-us
[3] https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/capitals-special-edition-the-copyright-directive/
[3] https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/3082020/google-remove-news-snippets-france-article-11
[2] https://dbei.gov.ie/en/Consultations/Public-consultation-transposition-of-Directive-EU-2019-790.html
[2] https://www.create.ac.uk/blog/2019/10/04/new-create-stickers-available/
[2] https://www.create.ac.uk/create-symposium-2019/
[2] https://musictechpolicy.com/2018/12/06/google-goes-after-children-as-lobbyists-what-is-to-be-done/
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1176826761176395778
[1] https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXVI/EU/07/70/EU_77024/imfname_10929175.pdf

Top URLs in Tweet in G4:
[3] https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1179502966606352386
[2] https://twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1179502966606352386
[2] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/donald-trump-video-taken-off-twitter-copyright-nickelback
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181616740633120768
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181326907876478982
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181325631327473666
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181330185691512834
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181468862560325632
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181491527249534977
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181496183656714240

Top URLs in Tweet in G5:
[5] https://www.actualitte.com/article/culture-arts-lettres/la-propriete-intellectuelle-enjeu-majeur-de-la-foire-du-livre-de-francfort-2019/97198
[2] https://www.brandsprotectionnews.com/stream-ripping-la-manera-preferida-de-los-jovenes-para-acceder-a-contenido-musical-pirata/
[2] https://www.brandsprotectionnews.com/google-se-rehusa-a-pagar-tarifas-de-copyright-a-editores-franceses/
[2] https://www.brandsprotectionnews.com/la-pirateria-de-la-prensa-escrita-una-problematica-real-en-italia/
[2] https://www.brandsprotectionnews.com/liverpool-fc-no-consigue-registro-de-marca-para-liverpool/
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181505764487249920
[1] https://www.wipo.int/marrakesh_treaty/en/
[1] https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2019/article_0009.html
[1] https://euipo.europa.eu/ohimportal/en/web/observatory/ip-contribution
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181504999181996033

Top URLs in Tweet in G6:
[4] https://www.rightschain.net/it/faq/di-chi-sono-i-diritti-di-un-opera-registrata-su-rights-chain.php
[2] https://www.rightschain.net/license/d00647b3947baeaa8a7c48c1651335e3ea60c39728628afb00c80793f858e519
[2] https://www.en3py.net/it/blog/riforma-copyright-ue-e-articolo11-ovvero-la-link-tax-sebastian-zdrojewski.php
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181464375971987456
[1] https://libereurope.eu/blog/2019/07/30/librarians-your-profession-needs-you-to-advocate-for-libraries-research/
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181447667345481728
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181450247136059392
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181456745643888640
[1] https://www.rightschain.net/license/a1e9f9b5028de7584fd8d2fac9b4598ca69d7059161eb3dfd98ca02004f72e16
[1] https://www.rightschain.net/license/e4959f3256b12b77a4dc81c8eea796c2b953dc46497ae8286e863d46baeac5eb

Top URLs in Tweet in G7:
[10] https://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2019/10/partial-screenshot-qualifies-as-fair-use-on-a-motion-to-dismiss-yang-v-mic.htm
[4] https://twitter.com/SouthPark/status/1181273539799736320
[3] https://www.law.com/therecorder/2019/10/08/photographer-sues-mother-jones-for-copyright-infringement-over-aoc-photo/?slreturn=20190908163803
[2] http://jbpress.ismedia.jp/articles/-/42714
[2] http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/rihannas-fenty-corp-is-being-sued-for-posting-a-photo-of-gigi-hadid-on-its-instagram
[2] https://twitter.com/pchestek/status/1180490980711161859
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181645729317752832
[1] https://paper.li/ToProRev/1322344307?edition_id=6b313d80-ea16-11e9-8b07-002590a5ba2d
[1] https://paper.li/ToProRev/1322344307?edition_id=eba4f320-e7ba-11e9-a32c-002590a5ba2d
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1180602580600152067

Top URLs in Tweet in G9:
[7] https://cmsimpact.org/code/fair-use-software-preservation/
[7] https://www.conftool.org/aoir2019/index.php?page=browseSessions&form_session=318&presentations=show
[5] https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/03/donald-trump-video-taken-off-twitter-copyright-nickelback?CMP=share_btn_tw
[5] http://www.tarletongillespie.org/
[4] https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/oct/07/the-muzzling-of-michael-winterbottom-how-sony-censored-greed?CMP=share_btn_tw
[4] https://apnews.com/07deb018ca184d248a9eabfae3e2cb8c?utm_source=Twitter&utm_campaign=SocialFlow&utm_medium=AP
[3] https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/21/eminem-v-spotify/
[2] https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/twitter-trump-nickelback-1.5307202
[2] https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/10/03/nickelback-trump-tweet-biden-ukraine/3849868002/
[2] https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/eminem-publisher-sues-spotify-claiming-massive-copyright-breach-unconstitutional-law-1233362

Top URLs in Tweet in G10:
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181199493305262080
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181196097701715968
[1] https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1181195669677248519

Top Domains
Top Domains in Tweet in Entire Graph:
[497] twitter.com
[47] paper.li
[21] theguardian.com
[18] instagram.com
[17] brandsprotectionnews.com
[13] youtube.com
[12] torrentfreak.com
[12] clickbank.net
[11] rightschain.net
[11] co.uk

Top Domains in Tweet in G1:
[1] twitter.com

Top Domains in Tweet in G2:
[158] twitter.com
[11] instagram.com
[9] esteldn.com
[8] profiletree.com
[7] linkedin.com
[7] co.uk
[7] rius.ca
[5] youtube.com
[5] wixsite.com
[5] totalhub.ru

Top Domains in Tweet in G3:
[20] twitter.com
[9] flourish.studio
[8] article13.org
[6] ac.uk
[4] euractiv.com
[3] theinquirer.net
[2] gov.ie
[2] musictechpolicy.com
[1] gv.at
[1] politico.eu

Top Domains in Tweet in G4:
[32] twitter.com
[2] youtube.com
[2] theguardian.com
[1] theverge.com
[1] cnn.com
[1] cerebraloverload.com
[1] harkavagrant.com

Top Domains in Tweet in G5:
[17] brandsprotectionnews.com
[13] twitter.com
[5] actualitte.com
[2] wipo.int
[1] europa.eu
[1] co.uk
[1] fastcompany.com
[1] com.sg

Top Domains in Tweet in G6:
[27] twitter.com
[11] rightschain.net
[4] paper.li
[2] techdirt.com
[2] en3py.net
[2] variety.com
[1] libereurope.eu
[1] ipbrief.net
[1] p2pfoundation.net
[1] zona-m.net

Top Domains in Tweet in G7:
[28] twitter.com
[12] paper.li
[10] ericgoldman.org
[3] law.com
[2] ismedia.jp
[2] thefashionlaw.com
[1] worldipreview.com
[1] arstechnica.com
[1] theplaylist.net
[1] project-disco.org

Top Domains in Tweet in G9:
[9] theguardian.com
[7] cmsimpact.org
[7] conftool.org
[5] tarletongillespie.org
[4] apnews.com
[4] paper.li
[3] twitter.com
[3] techcrunch.com
[3] nolo.com
[2] cbc.ca

Top Domains in Tweet in G10:
[3] twitter.com

Top Hashtags
Top Hashtags in Tweet in Entire Graph:
[1338] copyright
[73] trademark
[66] patent
[63] intellectualproperty
[44] tdm
[38] ip
[36] music
[33] article17
[26] marketing
[26] ipr



Top Hashtags in Tweet in G2:
[295] copyright
[27] trademark
[19] music
[18] patent
[15] marketing
[10] intellectualpropertyrights
[10] ip
[10] intellectualproperty
[10] fashion
[10] adagency

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G3:
[244] copyright
[31] article17
[23] article13
[21] eprivacy
[12] censorship
[12] saveyourinternet
[12] stopacta2
[11] createsy19
[9] uploadfilter
[7] digitalbrief

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G4:
[83] copyright
[24] fckafd
[23] dieafdkannmichmal
[11] fotos
[8] afdrausausdeutschland
[6] ohneafd
[6] trump
[5] disney
[4] abend
[4] violation

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G5:
[47] copyright
[22] intellectualproperty
[17] propiedadintelectual
[16] brandsplusnews
[16] derechodeautor
[13] pirateria
[12] piracy
[11] trademarks
[11] patents
[10] design

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G6:
[61] copyright
[42] tdm
[20] research
[10] librarian
[10] academic
[8] librarians
[8] academics
[7] italy
[6] rightschain
[5] protectyourart

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G7:
[77] copyright
[3] ip
[2] piracy
[2] jbpress
[2] trademark
[2] law
[2] ussupremecourt
[2] infringement
[2] lil
[2] cardi

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G8:
[2] of
[2] many
[1] empty
[1] pocket
[1] valuable
[1] earning
[1] savings
[1] blood
[1] money
[1] hard

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G9:
[31] copyright
[9] nickelback
[9] trump
[7] fairuse
[7] aoir2019
[4] moralrights
[4] finalcut
[4] film
[4] takedown
[4] politics

Top Hashtags in Tweet in G10:
[1] copyright

Top Words
Top Words in Tweet in Entire Graph:
[7239] Words in Sentiment List#1: Positive
[749] Words in Sentiment List#2: Negative
[3] Words in Sentiment List#3: Angry/Violent
[94528] Non-categorized Words
[102517] Total Words
[3100] france
[3069] made
[3067] french
[3061] news
[3057] free

Top Words in Tweet in G1:
[3009] big
[3009] news
[3009] france
[3009] french
[3009] national
[3009] library
[3009] made
[3009] millions
[3009] high
[3009] resolution

Top Words in Tweet in G2:
[295] #copyright
[67] copyright
[27] #trademark
[25] s
[20] music
[19] #music
[19] new
[18] #patent
[16] use
[15] #marketing

Top Words in Tweet in G3:
[244] #copyright
[145] laukaya
[101] copyright
[97] reform
[84] transposition
[81] s
[80] france
[77] nice
[77] overview
[77] state

Top Words in Tweet in G4:
[83] #copyright
[74] disney
[59] realdonaldtrump
[27] noch
[24] #fckafd
[23] #dieafdkannmichmal
[22] mal
[22] sehen
[21] copyright
[19] ob

Top Words in Tweet in G5:
[47] wipo
[47] #copyright
[40] treaty
[39] marrakesh
[37] joins
[37] access
[37] published
[37] works
[37] people
[37] blindness

Top Words in Tweet in G6:
[61] #copyright
[60] libereurope
[60] want
[46] help
[44] know
[43] twitter
[42] dear
[42] reach
[42] #tdm
[42] researchers

Top Words in Tweet in G7:
[77] #copyright
[26] new
[23] motion
[18] against
[17] more
[16] post
[16] bill__donahue
[16] lawyer
[15] copyright
[15] latest

Top Words in Tweet in G8:
[2] common
[2] people
[2] #of
[2] #many
[2] 2

Top Words in Tweet in G9:
[31] #copyright
[23] drrimmer
[13] nickelback
[10] copyright
[10] trump
[9] #nickelback
[9] #trump
[9] law
[7] code
[7] best

Top Words in Tweet in G10:
[43] please
[33] videos
[30] hi
[30] guysss
[30] re
[30] upload
[30] account
[30] featuring
[30] boys
[30] gain

Top Word Pairs
Top Word Pairs in Tweet in Entire Graph:
[3040] french,national
[3040] national,library
[3040] library,made
[3024] made,millions
[3024] available,free
[3022] millions,high
[3022] images,available
[3019] big,news
[3019] news,france
[3019] france,french

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G1:
[3009] big,news
[3009] news,france
[3009] france,french
[3009] french,national
[3009] national,library
[3009] library,made
[3009] made,millions
[3009] millions,high
[3009] high,resolution
[3009] resolution,images

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G2:
[13] #trademark,#patent
[11] #patent,#copyright
[10] #adagency,#romanerobb
[10] #romanerobb,#marketing
[10] #marketing,#creative
[10] #creative,#awards
[10] #awards,#producers
[10] #producers,#filmmakers
[10] #filmmakers,#partnerships
[10] #partnerships,#clients

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G3:
[97] copyright,reform
[77] laukaya,#copyright
[77] #copyright,nice
[77] nice,overview
[77] overview,state
[77] state,play
[77] play,copyright
[77] reform,s
[77] s,transposition
[77] transposition,france

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G4:
[23] #fckafd,#dieafdkannmichmal
[22] #dieafdkannmichmal,mal
[22] mal,sehen
[19] sehen,ob
[17] seriously,wondering
[17] wondering,disney
[17] disney,issued
[17] issued,#copyright
[17] #copyright,takedown
[17] takedown,request

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G5:
[39] marrakesh,treaty
[37] joins,marrakesh
[37] treaty,access
[37] access,published
[37] published,works
[37] people,blindness
[37] blindness,visual
[37] visual,impairment
[37] impairment,now
[34] works,people

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G6:
[42] dear,twitter
[42] twitter,help
[42] help,reach
[42] reach,#tdm
[42] #tdm,researchers
[42] researchers,want
[42] want,know
[42] know,blocked
[42] blocked,access
[41] libereurope,dear

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G7:
[16] #copyright,lawyer
[13] welp,more
[13] more,trouble
[13] trouble,potentially
[13] potentially,way
[13] way,america's
[13] america's,litigious
[13] litigious,#copyright
[13] lawyer,new
[13] new,sanctions

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G8:
[2] common,people

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G9:
[7] code,best
[7] best,practices
[7] practices,#fairuse
[7] #fairuse,software
[7] software,preservation
[7] preservation,paufder
[6] aoir_org,#aoir2019
[6] trump,#copyright
[6] #copyright,#nickelback
[6] #nickelback,#trump

Top Word Pairs in Tweet in G10:
[30] hi,guysss
[30] guysss,please
[30] please,re
[30] re,upload
[30] upload,videos
[30] videos,account
[30] account,featuring
[30] featuring,boys
[30] boys,gain
[30] gain,likes

Top Replied-To
Top Replied-To in Entire Graph:
@realdonaldtrump
@nickelback
@stonehampress
@daily_record
@tyrant_dominus
@sdpachauri1
@youtube
@laukaya
@shrishtysharma
@azarijahromi

Top Replied-To in G3:
@laukaya
@a_maehl
@eu_commission
@copyrightuser

Top Replied-To in G4:
@realdonaldtrump
@nickelback
@a_standal
@jramnotthagoat
@rosie
@rudygiuliani
@donaldjtrumpjr
@kgarath2
@scottadamssays
@richlowry

Top Replied-To in G5:
@irishrealestate
@wipo

Top Replied-To in G7:
@cjcorprp

Top Replied-To in G8:
@democracynow

Top Mentioned
Top Mentioned in Entire Graph:
@melanieconroy1
@laukaya
@libereurope
@wipo
@disney
@rahjinboo
@realdonaldtrump
@drrimmer
@3l3ctr0nlibr3
@tyrant_dominus

Top Mentioned in G1:
@melanieconroy1

Top Mentioned in G2:
@esteldn
@bipcnorfolk
@grimaldortiz
@ehadsfood
@fisaum
@cr8tivelegality
@bctuab
@julianaimam
@sam_image_rw

Top Mentioned in G3:
@laukaya
@3l3ctr0nlibr3
@reg_nerd
@cheekybunbuns
@copyrightcentre
@communia_eu
@teirdes
@mikeoghia
@ppnl_actie
@goulardsylvie

Top Mentioned in G4:
@disney
@realdonaldtrump
@cahnlawny
@niemalsd
@twitter
@nickelback
@angelabelcamino
@disneystudios
@supergirlofsf
@a_standal

Top Mentioned in G5:
@wipo
@eu_ipo
@google
@actualitte
@book_fair
@epoorg
@fordhamiplj
@aduanacl
@ipcc_ch
@sustdev

Top Mentioned in G6:
@libereurope
@eiflnet
@rightschain
@t_hackett
@ukcopyrightlit
@maxmathelt
@ruggine79
@rimakup
@elliotwilson79
@kondrinmedia

Top Mentioned in G7:
@bill__donahue
@ericgoldman
@lawfulcreators
@spipc
@contentlawyer
@fightcopytrolls
@profrothman
@clancco_artlaw
@smartframe
@tara_aaron

Top Mentioned in G8:
@nationals
@independent
@republic
@indiatoday
@timesnow
@un
@whole30
@statedept
@firstpmofindia
@who

Top Mentioned in G9:
@drrimmer
@paufder
@aoir_org
@a
@tarletong
@qut_ip
@monrodriguez
@cscolari
@thr
@communia_eu

Top Mentioned in G10:
@rahjinboo
@sb19cullenels

Top Tweeters
Top Tweeters in Entire Graph:
@jurylady5
@natransversal
@independent
@bspodnetwork
@bcci
@derekjohnbryant
@schestowitz
@padakitty
@indiatoday
@ndtv

Top Tweeters in G1:
@natransversal
@derekjohnbryant
@padakitty
@icblues
@homegypsy
@fleming77
@billnigh
@sueleugers
@lianabrooks
@afaduln2

Top Tweeters in G2:
@daily_newss
@paco229
@coincapsai
@gadflyquebec
@muz4now
@g76whizkidz
@ehadsfashion
@glass_jonathan
@ehadshorosos
@mikewickett

Top Tweeters in G3:
@glynmoody
@zaraa
@euwatchers
@storyyaoyorozu
@die_primel
@jmcest
@michalboni
@a_m_m_7_7
@macdac
@mcfslaw

Top Tweeters in G4:
@jgionova
@sallyagale
@theotherrosie
@globalnewsth
@janejane24
@verge
@cnnpolitics
@roncoleman
@submarine_guy
@raerst

Top Tweeters in G5:
@ukrayan
@businesstimes
@actualitte
@google
@ma10
@melloi_iii
@jayviciousmx
@salesforce
@kzakza
@petuliarda

Top Tweeters in G6:
@nerdyflow
@steltenpower
@geekeconomist
@stephanielahey
@existais
@ferli90
@librarian_nkem
@brembs
@anjacks0n
@charlesoppenh

Top Tweeters in G7:
@vinnybrandt
@cathygellis
@zutaka
@mmasnick
@pipa_v13
@nternational_al
@cjcorprp
@timberlakelaw
@fightcopytrolls
@that_ac

Top Tweeters in G8:
@independent
@bcci
@indiatoday
@ndtv
@timesnow
@aajtak
@time
@cnbc
@thequint
@people

Top Tweeters in G9:
@jurylady5
@thr
@drrimmer
@usatoday
@chrisogilviesnr
@greenj
@echidna_paw
@cyclonelizzy
@cscolari
@monrodriguez

Top Tweeters in G10:
@xenna_24
@picaokatherine
@joharaataat
@913090sb
@kinvarijin
@sekenimotoj_
@aurumash
@twicexsb19
@costaleonamama
@uvicton


We use necessary cookies to make our site work. We’d like to set additional cookies to understand site usage, make site improvements and to remember your settings. We also use cookies set by other sites to help deliver content from their services.